Once students have the self-assurance to engage in academic conversations with their peers, they have a framework they can apply to any text in any subject.

Appointed a decade ago, the education commissioner insists that when he has direct oversight, academic gains follow. His critics await better student outcomes.

Repeated resignations driven by political disagreements create a "trickle-down effect" on student outcomes, says one expert.

Districts that reassess supply budgets and build flexibility into staffing and scheduling are more likely to retain teachers in upcoming school years.